Pit & Quarry • March 2023 • Next-gen equipment

RUBBLECRUSHER, a brand McLanahan Corp. acquired in 2022, plans to launch compact, mobile crushing units at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

Based in the United Kingdom, the RubbleCrusher brand was previously owned and operated by CMB International. At ConExpo-Con/Agg, RubbleCrusher says it will showcase portable and track-mounted jaw crushers in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5276) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center. RubbleCrusher says the crushers it intends to display at the show are easy to deploy on jobsites and that they meet all Department of Transportation regulations.

RubbleCrusher’s RC150V pull-behind portable crusher can be hauled by any full-size pick-up truck, according to the company. The RC150V weighs just under 7,800 pounds and enables operators to recycle C&D waste for use on site – without having to pay to remove materials or bring in new aggregates for jobs.

The RC150T, meanwhile, offers the same features as the RC150V yet is mounted on tracks, making mobility on-site possible by remote control.

RubbleCrusher says it offers crushing and screening equipment for a variety of industries, and it is looking to expand its dealer network in the U.S.

Redesigned crusher coming from Keestrack

KEESTRACK intends to showcase a redesigned impact crushing plant at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

The company’s R5e impactor, which has a capacity of 400 tph, is a fully electric plug-in model featuring a plug-out connection to power additional equipment. The impactor can be utilized in several applications, including aggregates, mining and recycling.

Power to the R5e is possible through either a mains connections or with any gen set unit, Keestrack says.

Keestrack, whose U.S. headquarters is in Texas, will have dealers from the U.S., Canada and Latin America at ConExpo-Con/Agg, where the company will exhibit in Central Hall (BOOTH C31386) of the Las Vegas Convention Center.

SBM bringing its latest to ConExpo

SBM MINERAL PROCESSING will participate in ConExpo-Con/Agg for the fourth straight time, showcasing mobile crushing equipment. The Austrian company will have a track-mounted Jawmax 400 jaw crushing plant in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5600) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

The Jawmax 400, like the other 12 Jawmax jaw crushing plants SBM offers, has a diesel-electric drive. SBM says the combination of onboard diesel and a performance-tuned generator powers the plant’s electrified crushing, screening and conveying equipment.

According to SBM, all of its plants have intelligent integrated controls that relieve operators in setup and operation. Even inexperienced machine operators can safely operate and access the full performance of Jawmax models, the company says.

SBM will also provide updates at ConExpo-Con/Agg about the new Remax 600. Based on a hybrid concept, SBM says the new 600-tph impact crushing plant presents an opportunity to soon “autonomously crush.” Extensive sensor technology – including cameras – constantly records and evaluates feed material, as well as intermediate and end products.

New equipment coming from Terex MPS

TEREX MPS plans to unveil two new machines at ConExpo-Con/Agg, including a portable crushing plant and a horizontal screen.

The new Cedarapids CRC1350S portable cone crushing plant and the new Simplicity ESX (extra clearance) series horizontal screen will be highlighted in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5435) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

“We are excited to meet with our customers and distribution partners at ConExpo and thrilled to be launching these two new units at the show,” says Russ Burns, sales director at Terex MPS. “They illustrate our future product road maps, which focus our efforts on offering customer solutions that are safe, reliable and provide dependable production.”

The Cedarapids CRC 1350S portable plant, scheduled to launch in the third quarter this year, is designed for high production at lower costs per ton while remaining highly portable, Terex MPS says. Featuring an enhanced TC1300X cone crusher with 400 hp and high-efficiency roller bearings, the company says the plant not only increases overall power but increases stroke from 45 mm to 70 mm.

“The design of this plant was led by a series of interviews between our engineers and key distributors, the feedback of which resulted in the development of this popular closed-circuit layout,” Burns says. “The CRC1350S exceeds our customer portable plant strategies, meeting our customer demands to yield higher production capacity, lower cost per ton while remaining highly portable.”

The ESX620 horizontal screen, meanwhile, is the newest addition to a range of screening solutions by Simplicity. Terex MPS says the elliptical- stroke ESX series takes oval-stroke screens to a next level.

“With a wide opening of 23 in. between the top and middle deck – and a staggering 27.5 in. between the middle and bottom – our experienced engineering team has designed this with the user in mind,” Burns says. “Whether you are installing urethane media or specialty wire cloth, we have you covered with space large enough to inspect and replace any type of media you prefer – safely and with ease.”

Powerscreen reveals plant lineup for ConExpo

POWERSCREEN will showcase three machines at ConExpo-Con/Agg, including the Gladiator MT1150SR and the Titan 2300 – both of which will make their ConExpo-Con/Agg debuts.

First launched in 2020, Powerscreen says the Gladiator range is a dedicated offering of wheeled crushing and screening plants that is easy to operate and move, reliable and environmentally friendly. The company says the Titan screening range was introduced to its product portfolio in 2021 to fulfill a requirement for a secondary scalper while providing a cost-effective solution in high-volume applications.

“There is an excellent spread of Powerscreen equipment on display at this year’s ConExpo-Con/Agg,” says Neil Robinson, product and applications manager at Powerscreen, whose company will exhibit in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5435) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center. “Although still relatively new, the Gladiator and Titan ranges have already become established members of the Powerscreen product portfolio – which is testament to the hard work and dedication of our engineering teams.”

“As ConExpo draws closer, there is huge anticipation amongst our dealers, customers and staff,” says Loughran, business line director and general manager at Powerscreen. “We are delighted to be heading back to Las Vegas for one of the most important trade shows in the crushing and screening calendar. Whether it’s your first time attending ConExpo or if you are a seasoned attendee, we invite you to join us at the Powerscreen booth to learn more about our equipment and meet with the people behind the brand.”

Impactor in show plans for EvoQuip

EVOQUIP will showcase a Cobra 230r impact crushing plant at ConExpo- Con/Agg.

At the show, EvoQuip will be situated in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5435) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

“ConExpo is a massively important trade show for EvoQuip, so we’re excited to be showing off the Cobra 230r in Las Vegas,” says Andrew Lawrence, EvoQuip sales director for North America. “Our dealer network stretches right across the continent, allowing us to offer a high level of service and support to our customers in this region. ConExpo allows us to meet face to face with these dealers and potential customers to really showcase what our products have to offer.”

According to EvoQuip, the Cobra 230r is capable of operating in applications such as reinforced concrete, recycled asphalt, construction and demolition waste, and natural rock.

“More than 40 percent of our machines are used in a recycling application,” says Barry O’Hare, business line director at EvoQuip. “The Cobra 230r impact crusher, for example, can be run in reverse, which is a really useful feature for recycling sticky materials like asphalt.”

Separately, EvoQuip recently named Redhead Equipment its Canadian distributor for the province of Saskatchewan. Along with sales, Redhead Equipment will provide parts, service and warranty support for EvoQuip’s crushing, screening and conveying equipment in the region.

“EvoQuip already has a strong presence in Canada, and this new appointment will improve the level of customer support we can offer,” Lawrence says.

MDS to unveil revamped heavy-duty trommel

MDS, a manufacturer of heavy-duty and recycling trommels and conveyor systems, is exhibiting for the first time at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

The company plans to showcase its revamped M515 heavy-duty trommel on the Terex stand in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5435) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

The M515 is the flagship model in the MDS range and one that is ideal for creating riprap and recovering rocks that are mixed with clay and other sticky materials, according to the company. The updated model was redesigned to include new features that will improve transportation, access and stockpile heights.

An enhanced engine in the M515 now includes a swing-out feature and a swing-out access platform that makes access to the cabinet easier.

The location of the engine has been changed to the side of the unit, enabling customers to fit the unit on smaller bed trailers in North America, lowering transportation costs.

Additionally, the fines and mid-product conveyors were made longer to increase stockpile heights, the company says.

“The MDS team is incredibly excited to be exhibiting at ConExpo, particularly as it’s our first time attending the show,” says Conor Hegarty, general manager and business line director at MDS. “North America is the biggest market for our equipment, so it’s an excellent opportunity to meet new and existing distributors and customers to discuss how our solutions support their business.”

Terex Washing Systems to debut solution at the show

TEREX WASHING SYSTEMS (TWS) ill exhibit at ConExpo-Con/Agg at the Terex stand in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5435) of the Las Vegas Convention Center.

TWS plans to launch the FM Pentium, which the company describes as an innovative and versatile washing solution that has the capability to wash one grade of sand and one aggregate on a single chassis.

According to TWS, the FM Pentium can be used in the quarrying and recycling sectors and offers a small footprint and a high throughput rate.

“ConExpo is one of the key shows in the North American calendar and is the perfect platform for us to showcase our new innovations and products to what is a crucial market for us,” says Barry McMenamin, director at TWS. “The FM Pentium is the first of its kind as a revolutionary static sand and aggregate-washing unit, with its increased production and versatility.

“The machine combines a collection tank, centrifugal slurry pump, hydrocyclones and a dewatering screen,” he adds. “With a feed rate of up to 150 tph of pre-screened material, the FM Pentium can produce up to 120 tph of washed sand.”

The FM Pentium features a twin 12-ft. x 5-ft. screen arrangement producing a washed aggregate and a washed sand. TWS says the FM Pentium washing unit increases the efficiency with which quarries can wash sand and aggregates, positioning them to wash pre-sized mixed sands and aggregates and discharging two saleable products.

“Normally when washing aggregates, quarry businesses would have to wash sand off as slurry, either treating the sand later or wasting it if they didn’t want to reclaim it,” McMenamin says. “With the FM Pentium, that process can be skipped, as the sand can be washed away from the aggregate and then graded and screened as a separate product. Effectively, for operations that are processing both aggregates and sand, it’s cutting down on time which could be utilized elsewhere.”

What EIW has in the works for ConExpo

EIW (Eagle Iron Works) plans to display a brandnew line of washing equipment at ConExpo-Con/Agg, exhibiting in Central Hall (BOOTH C31773) of the Las Vegas Convention Center.

EIW will also highlight its classic equipment in Las Vegas along with its parts and gear reducer programs.

“EIW has been successful for the last 150 years because we design and build the heavy-duty equipment that the industry needs,” says Tim Miller, business line director of EIW. “We listened to the customers and industries around us and have developed a new system that we’re excited to launch.”

Deere, Wirtgen to combine forces with shared space

JOHN DEERE and WIRTGEN GROUP plan to collectively debut 36 pieces of new construction equipment at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

Combining exhibit spaces for the first time since John Deere acquired Wirtgen in 2017, the companies will roll out new machinery for the construction, roadbuilding and compact construction equipment segments. John Deere and Wirtgen will share a 70,000-sq.-ft. space in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5020) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center, and an additional 10,000 sq. ft. will be dedicated to John Deere construction technology in the new West Hall (BOOTH W40844).

In all, John Deere and Wirtgen say they’ll have 68 machines on display. Aggregates will be a focus for the companies, as it’s one of four production systems they’ll be emphasizing. Site development, roadbuilding and underground are other areas of focus.

Plethora of drilling, crushing tech coming from Sandvik

SANDVIK will introduce new products and digital solutions at ConExpo-Con/Agg, displaying its latest technologies to help aggregate producers improve profitability and productivity.

Sandvik specifically will unveil innovation in surface drilling, rock tools, stationary crushing and screening, and parts and services. The company will exhibit in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5254) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

In drilling, Sandvik will launch the Ranger DX910i top hammer surface drill rig along with new tools. The DX910i on display at ConExpo-Con/Agg will be equipped with the new RD930C rock drill, which expands the DX910i’s hole size range beyond existing DXi rock drill options.

Additionally, Sandvik will display an electric concept surface drill rig. According to Sandvik, the concept demonstrates advanced technologies that will be featured on future Sandvik surface rigs to support more sustainable and energy-efficient drilling.

In rock tools, Sandvik will showcase the Tundo RH650 down-the-hole hammer and Alpha 340 top hammer drilling tools, which feature a new asymmetric thread. Sandvik’s LT90 top hammer drilling tools will be featured, as well.

In crushing, Sandvik says the CH865i cone will anchor its stationary crushing and screening display. The display will highlight SAM by Sandvik, which the company characterizes as its “always-on” digital assistant supporting operational excellence in crushing and screening plants.

Also, Sandvik will showcase the CV217 vertical shaft impact crusher along with screen media and wear protection.

Sandvik will have a parts and services exhibit at ConExpo-Con/Agg, as well. The exhibit will feature an interactive display introducing My Sandvik Productivity for Boom Drills, a telematics solution providing dashboards for faster, fact-based decision-making.

Those who visit the Sandvik booth can also experience a live demo of Expert Off-Site, an on-demand, webbased service that instantly connects customers with Sandvik experts remotely. The service minimizes downtime costs typically associated with waiting for technical support, the company says.

McLanahan to highlight portable plant, dewatering screen and more

MCLANAHAN CORP. plans to exhibit alongside its family of companies at ConExpo-Con/Agg, showcasing equipment with EIW, Anaconda Equipment and the newly acquired RubbleCrusher.

Exhibiting in Central Hall (BOOTH C31372) of the Las Vegas Convention Center, McLanahan will display a horizontal screen-over-screw portable plant for the first time at any trade show. While not a new piece of equipment, McLanahan says the plant is a highly demanded configuration that its dealers requested be on display due to its popularity.

According to McLanahan, the configuration can be hauled using a semi-truck, illustrating the simplicity of setup at any operation. The major pieces of equipment on the plant are all designed and manufactured by McLanahan.

In addition to the screen-over-screw portable plant, McLanahan will display its UltraDry dewatering screen at ConExpo-Con/Agg. According to the company, the UltraDry is a modular, skid-mounted McLanahan dewatering screen that can be added to a new or existing system to create a drier, ready-to-sell product that has come off the dewatering screen at a moisture content as low 7 percent. As a skid-mounted plant, McLanahan says it can be transported easily between sites.

At ConExpo-Con/Agg, McLanahan will also have a variety of displays showing its washing equipment, crushers and screens, tailings management solutions, pumps and more.

Superior taking exhibit outdoors to Silver Lot

SUPERIOR INDUSTRIES plans to showcase new crushing, conveying and washing equipment at ConExpo-Con/Agg, exhibiting in the Silver Lot (BOOTH S5006) outside the Las Vegas Convention Center.

The company will introduce two brand-new cone models – the Dakota bearing cone and the Endeavor spider bushing cone – and showcase them alongside its Patriot bushing cone.

Additionally, Superior says its brandnew portable Sentry HSI (horizontal shaft impact) closed-circuit plant will be a talking point in Las Vegas.

In washing equipment, Superior says its Fusion modular platforms will be one of its ConExpo-Con/Agg highlights. The company plans to erect an 8-ft. x 20-ft., three-deck Guardian horizontal wet screen Fusion platform with an Aggredry dewatering screen attached to a discharge point.

Superior will display a TeleStacker conveyor at ConExpo-Con/Agg, as well. Specifically, the company will have a 42-in. x 170-ft. XTP swing-axle model with a working automation panel in its booth.

A variety of conveyor components will also be on display from Superior, including new products such as a redesigned line of Exterra belt cleaners with brand-new options; a modular load zone skirting system for dust and spillage control; and application-specific idler bearing seals.

Rebranded Doosan – now Develon – to be visible

DOOSAN and its familiar brand of orange construction equipment is now branded as Develon, and those who attend ConExpo-Con/Agg will see the brand in action.

Newly branded construction equipment will be in Develon’s outdoor exhibit in the Festival Grounds (BOOTH F9153). The company’s showcase will include the latest developments in the Concept-X autonomous equipment solution and live demonstrations.

“Our commitment to the construction equipment industry and advancing new technologies has never been stronger than it is today,” says Todd Roecker, vice president of growth initiatives at Develon. “Develon anticipates changes in the industry and prepares solutions to address these challenges. This is evident by our ongoing development of the world’s first autonomous jobsite solution – Concept-X – and the work we are doing with alternative energy sources like electricity and battery packs for our mini excavators.”

Following ConExpo-Con/Agg, Develon says additional efforts will be made to advance the brand at the local dealer level through updates to signage and machine decals. Customers are likely to begin to see newly branded machines at their local Develon dealerships and on jobsites as early as the end of the second quarter this year.

According to Develon, work began to identify a new brand name to replace Doosan following the August 2021 sale of Doosan Infracore to HD Hyundai. The company says the name Develon was chosen “to convey the company’s drive to develop onward and bring innovative solutions to the construction equipment industry through technological transformation and the development of exceptional equipment and services.”

Develon will continue to focus on manufacturing construction equipment. The company says efforts will be placed on advancing sustainable development through alternative energy sources of power for construction equipment.

“We believe the new Develon brand will help us build on the success we’ve had in North America over the past 30 years and throughout the world for more than 80 years,” Roecker says.

What you’ll find from Liebherr at the show

LIEBHERR plans to showcase new and innovative products and technologies that emphasize digitalization, alternative drives and efficiency at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

According to Liebherr, its two booths will span more than 60,000 sq. ft. The company’s outdoor booth in the Festival Grounds (BOOTH F9253) will highlight more than 30 machines covering seven Liebherr product segments, including earthmoving, material handling, concrete technology, mobile and crawler cranes, tower cranes, and deep foundation machines. ConExpo-Con/Agg visitors will also be able to experience on-site activities in the company’s Festival Grounds booth that will be supported by more than 250 employees from more than 10 countries.

Additionally, Liebherr will present its latest component technologies in South Hall of the Las Vegas Convention Center (BOOTH S80821).

Caterpillar to deliver another massive exhibit

CATERPILLAR plans to have its largest exhibit to date at ConExpo-Con/Agg, where the company will highlight its latest products, services and technologies while paying tribute to those who build the world’s infrastructure.

The company’s 70,000-sq.-ft. outdoor demonstration arena will anchor the massive display known as Operator Stadium located in ConExpo-Con/Agg’s Festival Grounds (BOOTH F9127).

According to the company, new technology, services and sustainability hubs will provide visitors with the opportunity to look beyond Cat iron for ways to increase operating efficiencies and improve machine uptime.

The extensive Cat equipment display in the Festival Grounds will include more than 30 machines, including model unveilings and battery-electric model prototypes with charging stations. Visitors will see two main equipment demonstrations each day – one focused on the latest Cat technology, and one that spotlights the company’s full equipment lineup.

Additionally, Caterpillar will provide daily spotlight demonstrations that dive into topics such as improving fuel efficiency and jobsite efficiency, the evolution of technology, and convenient, scalable solutions.

Among the new machines Caterpillar will have on display is the 950 medium wheel loader. The loader offers premium performance and simple-to-use technologies to help boost operator efficiency and increase productivity, Cat says.

ConExpo-Con/Agg visitors will also be treated to a preview of the next-generation Cat 926, 930 and 938 small wheel loaders slated for production in late 2023. These models feature new tech designed to make work easier, a reimagined operator environment and extended service intervals.

Pair of articulated Rokbak models to be present in Vegas

ROKBAK haulers will be on display for the first time at a North American trade show when the RA30 and RA40 arrive at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

The articulated hauler manufacturer based in Scotland will bring both models to the show, exhibiting in the Festival Grounds (BOOTH F8926).

“We cannot wait to get back to ConExpo and give the RA30 and RA40 pride of place on our stand,” says Paul Douglas, managing director of Rokbak. “We’re looking forward to getting as many attendees interacting with what we’ve got lined up as possible, as well as introducing people to our knowledgeable team who are keen to show off our robust and hardworking haulers. Rokbak will be there to show customers firsthand the quality [of] our machines and why we’ve become known as one of the most reliable and trusted articulated hauler manufacturers in the market.”

Robert Franklin, director of sales for the Americas at Rokbak, says his company is seeing “huge demand” for the RA30 and RA40.

“The U.S. is leading articulated hauler demand globally with huge infrastructure spend,” Franklin says. “There is a lot of construction activity at the moment around house and roadbuilding, so we are keen to meet with customers and potential customers at ConExpo and discuss how the RA30 and RA40 can help with these projects.”

Hyundai planning expansive ConExpo showcase

HYUNDAI CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AMERICAS shared its plans for ConExpo-Con/Agg ahead of the show, noting that it intends to display a range of new and future machine models in Las Vegas.

Exhibiting in West Hall (BOOTH W42501) of the Las Vegas Convention Center, Hyundai will show three new compact excavators, a new skid-steer loader, several loaders and a hydrogen-powered excavator.

“Hyundai brings to ConExpo-Con/Agg our strongest and deepest lineup of products, along with exciting, alternative-powered working prototypes and some of the industry’s top safety and support systems – plus our team of sales, support and product experts,” says Stan Park, president of Hyundai. “This also marks our first ConExpo-Con/ Agg since the recent Hyundai acquisition of Doosan Infracore, now known as Develon. Visitors will see some of the promising, early results of our collaborative efforts, including one of our new articulated dump truck models.”

Among the new Hyundai models that will debut at ConExpo-Con/Agg are the HX35AZ, the HX40A and the HX48AZ compact excavators.

In addition to complying with Tier 4 Final emission standards, Hyundai says the three compact excavators feature a distinctive new “tiger eye” design, large cabs, larger windows for increased visibility, enhanced operator comfort, load-sensing hydraulics in the HX40A and HX48AZ that incorporate adjustable auxiliary flow, and zero tail swing in the HX35AZ and HX48AZ.

Also at ConExpo-Con/Agg, Hyundai will display for the first time its newly available HS120V skid-steer loader and HT100V compact track loader.

The two machines represent Hyundai’s reentry into their respective compact equipment categories, Hyundai says.

According to Hyundai, a 148-sq.-in. Hyundai 4HTI4 four-cycle, turbocharged, electronic-controlled diesel engine powers the two models. The new Hyundai engine meets Tier 4 Final emission standards, the company adds.

Additionally, Hyundai says ConExpo- Con/Agg visitors who seek full-sized construction machines will find five Hyundai HL wheel loader models, six Hyundai HX excavator models and two Hyundai HW wheeled excavator models.

Some of the wheel loaders and excavators will be featured in demonstrations of Hyundai safety, technology and telematics systems. Among the wheel loader models to be showcased is the new Hyundai HL985A – the company’s largest capacity loader with a standard 9-cu.-yd. bucket. Hyundai expects this model to be available in the third quarter of 2023.

The Hyundai exhibit at ConExpo- Con/Agg will also include two alternative-powered working prototype excavators.

The Hyundai HW155H is a prototype wheeled excavator with a hydrogen-fueled engine. The Hyundai R19E prototype, meanwhile, is an electric-powered compact excavator. The 2-ton-class machine is designed for use both indoors and in urban settings.

Komatsu tech to take center stage

KOMATSU, which plans to feature its latest electric equipment offerings at ConExpo-Con/Agg alongside brand-new developments, will also showcase a variety of technology in Las Vegas.

The technology Komatsu will highlight in West Hall (BOOTH W42044) of the Las Vegas Convention Center is designed to improve efficiency and productivity.

Komatsu’s Smart Quarry technology solutions, for example, are designed to help customers understand, visualize and optimize jobsites. Komatsu says jobsite studies provide customers with customized, detailed data that can help them meet or exceed production targets.

Solutions such as Smart Quarry Site offer continual production monitoring aimed at helping increase efficiency, improve production and maintain a high level of performance.

Komatsu’s Smart Construction technology solutions, meanwhile, merge advanced automation and integrated technologies that can transform jobsites through predictability. Also, Komatsu says its intelligent Machine Control 2.0 solutions are designed to quickly lessen the skills gap between new and experienced operators, improving the bottom line for contractors.

FUELING

Western Global to roll out new products

WESTERN GLOBAL, a manufacturer of fuel and fluid storage solutions, will introduce a new product line and highlight current products at ConExpo-Con/Agg.

Exhibiting indoors in South Hall (S61138) of the Las Vegas Convention Center and outdoors in the Diamond Lot (D2138), Western Global is also offering a free educational seminar during the show.

Attendees will have multiple opportunities to learn about developments in on-site fuel and fluid storage solutions, as well as how to improve fueling efficiency on their jobsites, Western Global says.

“The fuel industry has evolved significantly in the three years since the last ConExpo,” says Jeff Lowe, director of product and sales enablement at Western Global. “We are excited to not only highlight the longstanding benefits of on-site fuel storage, but also how our products are ready for emerging developments in the fuel industry like renewable diesel and emissions reduction.”